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On November 9, 694 C.E., the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, one of a series of ecclesiastical assemblies convened in that city by the Visigoth rulers of Spain, opened its proceedings. Led by Egica, the Visigoth Catholic king of Hispania (roughly what we think of as the Iberian peninsula) and Septimia (the southeastern corner of France), the records show that the council was largely focused on the punishment and...